Category: Burma

  • Burma — Dark Moments

    Burma — Dark Moments

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    July 19, 1947

    Arzanis
    • See Posts

    March 2, 1962

    • The Coup d’etat ended Parliamentary Democracy in the Union of Burma.
    • President Mahn Win Maung, Prime Minister U Nu & cabinet ministers, and Shan Sawbwas were detained.
    U Nu

    7th July 1962

    • It saw indiscriminate shooting at the student protesters.
    • The official death tally was 17.
    • Ko Aung Khin was hit by a stray bullet as he was returning from RUBC to his home in Windermere Road.

    8th July 1962

    • It saw the revered RU Student Union Building demolished.
    • The then No. (1) and No. (2) said that they did not give orders for the two sad events.
    • Some people reported hearing strange sounds and seeing strange images in or near the residence halls (e.g. Mandalay Hall). Some believe that there might be ghosts.

    1963

    • There were pamphlets and Sar Saungs commemorating the anniversary of 7th July.
    • The higher authorities gave ultimatum to the hostel students to leave.
    • All classes except those from the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Engineering were closed.
    • Final exams were held locally (e.g. at State High Schools).
    • The schools were reopened in November 1964 under a new Education System.

    1964

    • The use of Intelligence Level Aggregate (ILA) system and the 3 NRC rule created a Tier System among the Once Equal Disciplines.
    • A sayagyi told his students, “If all of you go to medical and engineering, there will not be talent left to cover other important fields.”
    • There were some exceptions. Dr. Min Oo (in 1963) and Dr. Zaw Win (a few years later) stood Second in the whole of Burma in Matric. They chose to study Maths and received their Doctorates from Germany. Dr. Min Oo retired from McMasters University in Canada. He earlier taught in Germany and in the US as a visiting professor. Dr. Zaw Win is GBNF.

    Mid-1960s

    • Nationalization of Schools took place on April 1, 1965.
    • “Burmese Way to Socialism (Despotism, Nepotism)” created 2nd and 3rd Class Citizens.
    • Shortage of rice (unheard of in the “Rice Bowl of Asia”) caused unease. The problem was redirected to create a riot known as “Tayoke Bama Ah Yay Ah Khinn” တရုပ်ဗမာ အရေးအခင်း

    1974

    U Thant Ah Yay Ah Khin
    • “U Thant Ah Yay Ah Khin” ဦးသန့်အရေးအခင်း can be read in a book with rare photos. Htein Win Sar Pay ထိန်ဝင်းစာပေ has published books about the two Ah Yay Ah Khinn in 1974 and 1988. Ko Khin Maung Zaw mailed me a copy of “U Thant Ah Yay Ah Khinn”. At the 5th ILF (Irrawaddy Literary Festival), Ko Htein Win gave me a copy of the 8-8-88 Ah Yay Ah Khinn.

    Late 1980s

    1988
    • There were several more closure of the schools.
    • Many students lost three precious years of their lives (1988, 1989 and 1990). There were no classes, exams and Convocation for the three years. The 1st BE Intake of 1983 graduated in 1992. Those who failed the 6th BE in 1987 had to repeat again in 1991.
    • Some, who witnessed the events in March and August of 1988, had a long wait before they could freely express their experiences.
    • In August 1988, Dr. Tin Aung (Physics) and U Tun Aung Chain (History) were in the US as members of the Burmese Education Delegation. Dr. Tin Aung was elected in abstentia as a Patron / Nayaka နာယက of the “Sayas and Sayamas from All Universities and Institutes” Ah Phwe အဖွဲ့ supporting the 8-8-88 movement. Upon his return to Burma, Dr. Tin Aung was forced to resign.
      When Dr. Tin Aung’s pacemaker needed replacement, his former students from Myanmar and Overseas donated for his health expenses.
    Dr. Tin Aung
  • Burma — Presidents

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    Democratic Burma

    • Sao Shwe Thaik (1948 – 1952)
      Nyaung Shwe (ညောင်ရွှေYaunghwe) Sawbwa စော်ဘွား
      First President of Burma; Burma gained Independence on January 4, 1948
    • Dr. Ba U (1952 – 57)
      Author : “My Burma”; Claimed that he was the first President to be elected according to the Constitution
    • Mahn Win Maung (1957-62)
      He was arrested along with the Cabinet Ministers and high ranking officials in March 2, 1962.

    Notes

    • Sama Duwa Sinwa Naung was President-Elect when the Coup d’etat took place on March 2, 1962.
    • The 17-man Revolutionary Council was led by General Ne Win.
    Sama Duwa

    BSPP Era

    • U Ne Win (1974 – 1981)
    • U San Yu (1981 – 1988)
    • Dr. Maung Maung (1988 – 1988)
    • U Sein Lwin (1988 – 1988)

    Notes

    • A new Constitution enforced the One-Party System rule by BSPP from 1974 to 1988.
    • There was a mass protest for Multi-party Democracy System (promised by U Ne Win).

    Post 1988

    U Htin Kyaw
    • U Thein Sein (2011 – 2016)
    • U Htin Kyaw (2016 – 2018)
      Retired citing medical problems
    • U Win Myint (2018 – )
      Arrested on February 1, 2022 by Power Mongers
    • Another Constitution, which was ratified shortly after the devastating Cyclone Nargis, empowered the quasi-military Government
  • Collection of Maths Articles

    Collection of Maths Articles

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    U Tin Aung Lwin

    Book present
    • Science Scholar for Mathematics
    • Published a Collection of သင်္ချာပညာပေး Articles
    • Thanks. The postage is much more than the sales price of the book.
    • He has broadcast videos on Facebook and YouTube.

  • Associations — BARB & MARB

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    BARB

    With Veda Sayas
    • Burma Astro Research Bureau was formed around 1980s.
    • Experts on Veda & allied subjects (e.g. Astronomy, Palmistry, Numerology) served as Researchers, Advisors & Teachers
    • Courses : Basic & Higher Level
    • Subjects : ဂဏိတ၊ ဖလိတ၊ သံဟိတ၊
    • BARB published the “Jotisha Veda” Magazine. I wrote articles with my name and two pen names.
    • BARB published Veda Calendar.
    • Ad-hoc sessions at selected houses for Discussion & Live training sessions by Veda sayas — U Myint Sein, U Khin Aung Bo, U Than Htay, U Myint Lwin & Bogyi Kyaw Zan Hla.

    Executive Committee

    • U Myaing (President)
      Published Jotisha Veda Magazine
    • Dr. Chit Swe (Vice President)
      Pioneer of Computer Systems & Applications in Burma;
      Founder & Director, UCC;
      Rector, RASU; Taught at RU, Thailand & Australia
    Dr. Chit Swe
    • U Min Wun (Vice President)
      Member, Pyeikkadein Ah Kyan Pay Ah Phwe (ပြက္ခဒိန်အကြံပေးအဖွဲ့ ); Professor, Civil Engineering, RIT; Advisor, Regional College Project; Advisor, Bagan Restoration Project; Consultant, CalTrans
    U Min Wun
    • U Kyaw Min
      Studied Architecture at MIT;
      Part-time Head of Architecture Department, RIT; Pen name : Pithuka Kyaw Min
    • U Aye Win Kyaw
      Lecturer, Civil Engineering, RIT; Taught Astronomy at BARB & MARB; Family suffered Double Tragedy at Pyin Oo Lwin Clinic
    U Aye Win Kyaw (Center)
    • U Myint Sein
      SPHS64; B.Com (IT) in 1968;
      Ran family business; Principal, BARB : Requested me to provide programs for Vedic Calculations; Founder, IDEA Astrology; Visiting Professor, Taing Yin Say (တိုင်းရင်းဆေး ပညာ School of Indigenous Medicine); Expertise : Medical Astrology
    U Myint Sein 1
    U Myint Sein 2
    • U Nyan Win (Secretary)
    • U Tin Aung (Joint Secretary)
      Expertise : Phalita
    • U Mya Sein (Treasurer) Engineer
    • U Win Pe (Joint Treasurer)
      His ancestors published Myanmar Ephemeris

    MARB

    • After the demise of key EC members, BARB was reorganized.
    • It evolved into Myanmar Astro Research Bureau with U Khin Aung Bo as President.
    • MARB lost Saya U Myint Lwin early.
    • After U Khin Aung Bo’s demise, U Kyaw Myint became President.
    • Dr. Kan Nyunt (Bagyi Kan) is the oldest (but still very active) among the sayas and sayamas.
    Dr. Kan Nyunt (Seated Right)

    U Myint Sein

    • Principal of BARB
    • Friend from Primary School
    • Requested me to develop programs for Veda calculations and predictions. I supervised two UCC students. Ko Win Latt (UCC) developed Win Horo. Ko Zaw Tun (UCC) developed a Prolog program for prediction.
    Ko Win Latt
    Ko Zaw Tun (Last Row)
    • Visiting Professor at the School of Indigenous Medicine
    • Founder, IDEA Astrology
    • Passed away peacefully while watching TV at home
    • It was good news & bad news for his son, who was back in Yangon to take examination for Master Mariner. He lost his father, but was present at his father’s last journey.

    U Aye Win Kyaw

    • Saya, Civil Engineering Department, RIT.
    • Taught Astronomy at BARB & MARB
    • Passed away at a hospital in Pyin Oo Lwin
    • His son, who visited Saya, passed away earlier while taking a shower at the hospital.
    • Double tragedy for the family.

    U Khin Aung Bo

    • President of MARB
    • B. Ed
    • Taught at GTI, BARB & MARB
    • Expertise include Thanhita
    • Fell backwards while reciting Pathan
    • Hospitalized
    • Passed away on May 13, 2020 at the age of 80.
    U Khin Aung Bo 1
    U Khin Aung Bo 2

    U Myint Lwin

    • Vice President, MARB
    • Taught at BARB & MARB
    • Expertise include Phalita
    • Helped with the early Veda Calendar
    • Passed away earliest among three sayas (in the photo)
    U Than Htay, U Khin Aung Bo, U Myint Lwin

    U Than Htay

    • Vice President, MARB
    • Taught at BARB & MARB; Published books & notes on တြိစက္ကဇာတာ and ဒသာ
    • Expertise include Ganita
    • Medical Technologist
    U Than Htay 1
    U Than Htay 2

    U Hla Win

    • Vice President, MARB
    • Member of “Myanmar Pyeikkdadein Ah Kyan Pay Ah Phwe.”
    • Mechanical Engineer & Entrepreneur
    • Busy not only with his work, but also with SPZP & HMEE
    • Taught Veda courses (e.g. Research)

    U Kyaw Myint

    • Succeeded U Khin Aung Bo as President, MARB
    • Textile Engineer
    • Expert on Traditional Medicine
    • Associate member, “Myanmar Pyeikkdadein Ah Kyan Pay Ah Phwe.”
    U Kyaw Myint (Standing Right)

    Dr. Kan Nyunt

    • Patron, MARB
    • Elder brother of U Kyaw Myint
    • Wrote / Translated many articles

    Other Sayas

    • Dr. Aung Myin Bo
    • U Soe Thein
    • U Thein Aung
    • Daw Mya Mya Aye
    • Daw Moe Moe (Venus)
    • …

    Lunch Gathering

    This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is veda.jpg
    U Soe Thein, U Kyaw Myint, U Hla Min, Dr. Aung Myin Bo
    • During my trips to Yangon, MARB Sayas would pick me up. U Hla Win would sometimes pick me up; otherwise, he would send his assistant or another saya.
    • I would give a guest lecture.
    Guest Lecture
    • U Than Htay & U Hla Win were not present at the lunch gathering (shown in the photo) near the old MARB Office.
    • Dr. Aung Myin Bo & his spouse picked us up (along with Saya Thae) to the new MARB Office.
    • Tarot saya from Thailand (friend of Prophet Myat San) donated air conditioners for use at MARB Office / Training School.

    Updates

    GBNF

    • Several Veda Sayas from BARB and MARB are now GBNF.
    • Dr. Chit Swe passed away in Sydney, Australia
    • U Min Wun passed away in California, USA

    Status

    • Win Latt is in Bangkok, Thailand
    • Zaw Tun is in Singapore
  • Notes — R, S & T

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    Rowing

    RUBC 90th Anniversary Souvenir Magazine
    • Myanmar — Laung; Leg rowers of Inlay
    • Western Style
    • Rangoon University Boat Club (RUBC) was founded by Law Professor Sir Arthur Eggar in 1923
    • RUBC 40th Anniversary Souvenir Magazine was compiled by Sithu U Tin, U Po Zon and U Tin Htoon
    • RUBC 90th Anniversary Souvenir Magazine Committee : U Tin Htoon, U Myo Myint, U Htaik San, U Hla Min & team
    • Tin Htoon & Harry Saing won Venables Bowl for Coxless Pairs at 1958 ARAE Regatta in Calcutta
    • Tin Htoon, Sunny Teng, Victor Htun Shein, Harry Saing and Sein Htoon won Willingdon Trophy for Coxed Fours at 1960 ARAE Regatta in Colombo
    1960 ARAE Regatta Champions

    RU Sports

    • RU Athletes
      Representing Burma in 2nd SEAP Games (in 1961)
    • Mra Brothers
      Tun Mra, Kyaw Mra, Soe Mra, Win Mra, Maung Maung Mra, Aung Mra

    Sayas

    • U Pe Maung Tin
      First native Principal
    • Dr. Htin Aung
      First native Rector

    Schools

    • Types
    • Language of instruction

    Silicon Valley

    • William Shockley
      Nobel Laureate in Physics
    • Frederick Terman
      Standford University

    Soccer

    • World Cup
    • Olympics
    • Asian Stars
    • Burma Selected
    • RU Selected

    SPZP

    • Micro PZP
    • Mini PZP
    • World wide SPZP
    • SPZP-2000 (Oct 2000, USA)
    • SPZP-2002 (Dec 2002, Singapore)
    • SPZP-2004 (Dec 2004, Yangon)
    • SPZP-2007 (Apr 2007, Singapore)
    • SPZP-2010 (Dec 2010, Singapore)
    • SPZP-2012 (Dec 2012, Yangon)
    • SPZP-2016 (Dec 2016, Yangon)
    • SPZP-2020 (Cancelled due to pandemic)
    • Poem : SAYA PU ZAW PWE (by Hla Min)

    St. Paul’s High School

    • De La Salle Brothers
    • Sayas
    • Alumni

    Statistics

    • Discipline
    • Dr. Sundarum
    • Dr. Khin Maung Nyunt
    • Dr. Myint Tin
    • U Htin Kyaw
    • U Tun Shwe

    Swimming

    • Olympics
    • Asian Games
    • SEAP
    • Burma Selected
    • Inter-Institute
    • Diving
    • Water Polo

    Table Tennis

    • Game
    • Championship
    • Saya Mao Toon Siong
    • RIT Table Tennis

    Tarot

    • Background
    • Major Arcana
    • Minor Arcana
    • Spreads

    Ted, TED and TEDx

    • Name / nickname
    • Technology, Entertainment and Design
    • Independent conferences (held with license from TED)

    Tennis

    • Game
    • Grand Slam
    • Davis Cup
    • Burma Champions

    Time

    • Calendar
    • Clock

    Toastmaster

    Distinguished Toastmaster
    • Background
    • My journey to Distinguished Toastmaster

    Translation

    My Translation of a Short Story
    • Source
    • Target
    • Translation of prose
    • Translation of poem
    My Translation of a Poem
  • Notes — P

    Notes — P

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    Pali

    Pali
    • Discipline
    • Language
    • Pali Scholars
    • Sayagyi U Pe Maung Tin
    • Saya U Aung Than
    • Saya U Tin Lwin
    U Aung Than
    Magazine
    Magazine 2
    Magazine 3
    Pali Professors

    Palmistry

    • Background
    • Palmists
    • Cheiro
    • Benham
    • Anecdotes

    Passion

    • Importance of Passion

    Perfect

    • Perfect score
    • Perfect shape
    • Perfect number
    • Cost of perfection
    • “I am Imperfectly Perfect”

    Philosophy

    • Discipline
    • Dr. Hla Bu
    • U San Lwin
    • Nanda Thein Zan

    Physics

    • Discipline
    • Dr. Maung Maung Kha
    • U San Tha Aung
    • Dr. Tin Aung

    Poetic Art

    • Kabyar : RIT Poets
    • Illustration : U Myo Myint
    • Translation : U Hla Min

    Poetry

    • Rhyme
    • Free Verse

    Political Science

    • Discipline
    • LSE : London School of Economics and Politics
    • U Nyein Aung
    • U Tha Din
    • U Khin Aung Bo

    Principle

    • Paretto Principle
    • Law of diminishing return
    • Peter’s Principle
    • Dilbert’s Principle

    Psychology

    • Discipline
    • Saya Dr. Hla Bu
    • Saya Dr. Hla Thwin
    • Daw Khin Khin Htwe / Flora San Pe
    • Daw Elsie Po Sa
    • Psychology of Programming
  • Purchasing Power

    Purchasing Power

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    Burmese Currency

    • The Banking authorities in Burma (e.g. Union Bank) issued Currency notes backed by Gold Reserves.
    • The bills were signed by authorities (e.g. Sithu U Kaung, U San Lin).
    • One US dollar traded at 5 – 6 kyats, and one Sterling pound around 12 – 13 kyats.

    Old Receipt from 1979

    Receipt
    • The Old Receipt (for 146 Kyats and 50 Pyas) is a testament of the purchasing power in the 70s.
    • It was for a farewell dinner for Saya U Myo Win (M/Ag65) by 25 members of the RIT Automobile Club.

    Decline in the value of the Kyat

    Three rounds of Demonetization, mismanagement, … saw a huge decline in the value of the Kyat.

    Snap shots of the exchange rate :

    • 1 Kyat = 4 (or more) Bahts (Early days)
    • 1 Kyat = 1 Baht (Baht Taik Kyat Taik Khit)
    • 4 (or more Kyats) = 1 Baht
  • Burma — 1960s

    Burma — 1960s

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    1960

    Education

    • Last 7th Std Government exam : We took it in March

    Elections

    • Caretaker Government finally held Elections.
    • Pyidaung Su Party (former “Clean AFPFL“) led by U Nu won by a land slide. The victory would be short lived.
    U Nu

    1961

    Education

    • Last HSF & Matric (Combined) exam
    • First batch of Female Engg Graduates : Tin Tin Ohn (Amy), Julie Han, Yin Yin Kyi, Mi Mi Lay (all Textile) & Pauline Reynolds (ChE)
    • Faculty of Engineering moved to Gyogone Campus. Also called Burma Institute of Technology (BIT)

    SEAP Games

    • Burma hosted the Second SEAP (South East Asia Peninsular) Games in December.
    • Burma dominated most events and placed first.
    • About 20 RU students represented Burma.
    2nd SEAP Games

    1962

    Education

    • First “Matric Only” exam
    • First “HSF Only” exam : We (from Rangoon Division) had to take the exam in March & again in August

    Coup d’etat

    • On March 2, a 17-member Revolutionary Council staged a Coup d’etat. President Mahn Win Maung, Prime Minister U Nu & Cabinet Ministers, Sao Shwe Thaik & Sawbwas, and several high-level Government employees were detained.
    • Sama Duwa Sinwa Naung (President-elect) did not become President.
    Sama Duwa
    • Per Kyemon U Thaung, seven Revolutionary Council members were not aware of the major decisions.
    • Brigadier General T. Clift (Air Force) resigned. He was succeeded by Col Thaung Dan (who became Brigadier General). Several senior Air Force personnel were appointed Ambassadors or Military Attache to pave way for younger officers.
    • Commodore Than Pe (Navy) passed away. He was Minister for Health & Education.
      Commander Thaung Tin (who became Commodore) succeeded CTP as Chief of Navy. Col Hla Han became Minister for Health &Education.
    • Col Chit Myaing was the last original Revolutionary Council member to pass away. He served as Ambassador to Yugoslavia and UK before moving to USA.
    • Tin Maung Thant (son of U Thant) passed away during his visit to Burma. The funeral cortège was larger that of Commodore Than Pe.
    • The usage of “Tar Wun Khan” was later changed back to “Minister”.

    Dark Days in July

    • 7th July : 17 official victims
    • 8th July : Demolition of RUSU Building

    1963

    Education

    • Matric exam : We took it in May
    • SPHS has five students in Top Five, seven in Top Ten, and ten in Top Twenty
    SPHS63
    • Last batch for General Honors program

    1964

    Education

    • New Education System
    • Most Faculties became autonomous Institutes with Rectors.
    • RASU & MASU offered Major

    Admission to RIT

    • In Nov 1964, three batches of students were admitted to RIT
    • Matriculated were admitted to 1st BE based on Intelligence Level Aggregate (ILA)
    • Those who passed I.Sc(A) were admitted 2nd BE based on marks.
    • Those who passed I.Sc(B) were admitted to 3rd BE based on marks.

    Luyechun

    • Shwe Wa Gyaing Camp in Ngapali
    • Students from 7th to 10th Std were selected as Luyechun

    1965

    Education

    • On April 1, private schools were nationalized.
    • SPHS became No. 6 Botathaung State High School. Non-native De La Salle brothers left Burma. e.g Bro Austin to Malaysia, Bro Felix to Germany, Bro Charles to UK

    Luyechun

    • Khaung Daing Camp in Inlay
    • Program extended to Universities & Institutes
    • RIT : Sein Shwe, Hla Min, Zaw Min, Khin Than Myint Tin
    • IM(1) : Kyaw Sein Koe, Anita Aye Pe, Khin Maung U, Cherry Hlaing

    Decline of Economy

    • After detaining prominent members of Pyidaung Su (formerly Clean AFPFL) and new AFPFL (formerly Stable AFPFL), the Revolutionary Council & government sought help from left-wing Gurus (e.g. U Chit Hlaing who threw in Buddhist terms into “Burmese Way to Socialism” & U Ba Nyein who proposed indiscriminate Nationalization.
    • Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP) was formed with core cadres. It later opened up membership for Ah Yan Party Win (Associate member). Party membership became a requirement for important positions.
    • Free Economy was replaced by rations (e.g. half a can of Condensed Milk per family) using the “Si Sar Oke”. It created a Black Market and the rising cost of living.
    • The Demonetization crippled the Industry and even had ripple effect on University students. Hostel students, whose money had been demonetized, had to be given free rides to return home.
    • Per Dr. Nyan Taw (SPHS63) :
      Both my father U Hla Taw (retired Chief of UMP/ DIG) and my mother Daw Marie Hla Taw together with Col Chit Yaing, Chief Justice U Myint Thein, DIG U Tin Maung Maung and DIG U Khin Maung Maung were taken away by MI (Military Intelligence) in 1964. My parents were released in 1967.

    Changes in Education

    Bachelor Degrees

    • Education
    • Law

    NRC rule

    • Enforced for Professional Courses
    • Bernard Khaw (First in Burma in the Matric of 1965) had to study Chemistry. He moved to USA and studied Chemical Engineering.
    • Chu Pu Thein (who scored highest marks in Physics in the first ever HSF Only exam in 1962) moved to Italy
    • Many had to study in RASU. Chemistry students had very high marks and/or ILA.
    • A medical student was expelled after he was “found out to be not 3 NRC.”
    • A few students who had been admitted to RASU because of 3 NRC were allowed to study medicine. They lost a year, but not their dreams.

    Names

    • There was discrimination against students having foreign names.
    • Two families. They were cousins. Those who retained non-Burmese names were admitted to RASU. Those with Burmese names were allowed to study professional degrees.

    Security Concerns

    • Shortage of rice (never heard before in the “Rice Bowl of Asia”) was transformed into “Tayoke Bamar Ah Yay Ah Khin”. Grapevine says that a lorry strategically placed “Beggars” around Rangoon.

    1969

    Men on the Moon

    Poem
    • Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20, 1969.
    • My poem “Men on the Moon” was forwarded by Mr. Hall (USIS) to NASA.
    • The poem was also published in the Guardian daily newspaper.

    69ers

    • Most of us graduated with BE. A few with BArch.
    EE69ers

    SEAP Games

    • Burma hosted the Fifth SEAP Games in December 1969. There were riots in the Thamaing College Campus which held some events (e.g. Boxing).
    Placard bearers for 5th SEAP Games

    News & Censorship

    • Nation newspaper was the first to be closed (by orders of the higher authorities). U Law Yone was detained. He later moved to Thailand and published the “Nation”. He eventually moved to the USA.
    • Finally, there were only four Burmese and two English newspapers. They published the news vetted and/or translated by News Agency Burma.
    • The two new newspapers were Loketha Pyithu Nay Zin and Working Peoples’ Daily (WPD).
    • The then Number One chose Shwe Oo Daung and U Khin Maung Latt as Chief Editors of “Loketha Pyithu Nay Zin” and Working People’s Daily (WPD) and promised them full authority. Some time later, U Khin Maung Latt was asked, “Do you want to be an Ambassador?” Daw Khin Myo Chit stepped in and said, “Ko Latt will go back teaching at his school”.

    Selection of Sayas and State Scholars

    • In the days of our teachers, the Dean & Professors had the say to select and appoint assistant lecturers, and to select bright students to apply for State Scholarship to study at the prestigious universities in the USA and UK.
    • Later, the Public Service Commission (PSC) was established to vet candidates for most positions.
    • Some engineers and architects had to join government departments as “Work Charge” while waiting to get permanent positions approved by PSC.
  • Typing, Spelling & Processing

    Typing, Spelling & Processing

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    Burmese Alphabet

    Typewriters

    Keyboard

    Olympia was commissioned to produce typewriters for Burmese. It was not trivial to type Burmese and Pali characters. The red keys were used to type vowels; the carriage did not go forward. The black keys were used to type consonants. Back-spacing for half a step was necessary on the Standard Edition to type characters such as “tha gyee”. Manual dexterity was needed to type some “pa sint” characters. The Office edition had extra keys (e.g. tha gyee, common pa sint).

    Producing Multiple Copies

    Before the wide spread use of copiers (initiated by Xerox), special care is needed to print multiple copies. We miss the days when we had type perfectly or reasonably well on typewriters using messy carbons. Also, planning to cyclostyle double-sided printing (odd numbered pages first, then repeat with even-numbered pages).

    Selectric

    IBM produced Selectric typewriters. “Golf” ball-like character sets had to be installed/replaced.

    Word Processing

    Wang computers provided word processors for various languages. Ko Htay Aung (Victor, EC80) worked at Wang for a while on the Burmese language project.

    The evolution has seen

    • Type face / font families
    • Keyboard (QWERTY, Dvorak, …)
    • Unicode Support
    • Utilities (Dictionary, Thesaurus, Spelling, Grammar / Usage)

    Chinese characters

    Chinese characters are used by Chinese, Japanese, Korean. To input them to a computer, various techniques were used. They include (1) large tablets containing the most common characters (2) three corner method (based on the horizontal, vertical and diagonal strokes in the character (3) Romaji (mostly used by Japanese (4) human user to select if there are ambiguities (e.g. in the three corner method).

    Transliteration

    Burma Research Society (BRS) used transliteration for its journals. For example, “k-o-l” combination represents “ko”. The scheme was used inputting Burmese on Macintosh.

    Universities’ Computer Center (UCC) had projects to do Burmese word processing. Saya U Myo Min supervised a project for Ma San Yu Hlaing for “collation” (needed for sorting). Saya U Tun Aung Gyaw and his team (Ko Htay Aung, Ko Soe Myint, …) worked on Cromenco System Three for printing and processing. U Soe Win and team worked on Calcomp graph plotter.

    Difficulties imposed by Higher Authorities

    Myanmar Sar Ah Phwe မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့ Burmese Language Commission) bowed to higher authorities to revise the spelling at least two times.

    Fines were imposed on authors and publishers spelling the established way. (e.g. “Ta” တ) instead of the preferred way (e.g. “Tit” တစ်) despite the scholars pointing out the old inscriptions at “Bo ta htaung ဗိုလ်တထောင်” not “Bo tit htaung” pagoda.

    CTK (Children’s Treasury of Knowledge) project was delayed to correct the spellings.

    It was not easy to write in those days without facing censorship. It was taboo to quote “Dhammata ဓမ္မတာ” poem (by Ananda Thuriya). It was a crime to mention the “setting sun နေ ဝင်”.

  • Memorable Events

    Memorable Events

    by Hla Min

    Updated : September 2026

    RU Students’ Strike

    Notable strikes by Rangoon University students include the following

    • 1920 — First Strike : to protest the 1920 RU Act
    • 1936 — Second Strike : fueled by the dismissal of Oway Editor Ko Aung San
    • 1938 — Third Strike : to support the national protests (e.g oil field workers)
    1936 Strike

    8888

    • Mass demonstrations began on 8th August, 1988
    • Coup d’etat on 18th September 1988 dashed hopes of revival of Democracy in Burma
    BE 8888
    8888 Kabyar by Maung Swan Yi

    Hokkaido Gathering

    • Several “Welcome to the SF Bay Area” gatherings were held at the Seafood restaurant
    Hokkaido Gathering

    BOC College

    • BOC funded the College of Engineering & Mining
    • Earlier : Only three disciplines — Civil, Mechanical & Electrical
    • Later : Added five disciplines — Mining, Architecture, Chemical, Textile & Metallurgy
    BOC College

    Independence Day 1948 Regatta

    • RUBC Fours : Pe Nyun, Khin Maung Wint, Pe Thein, Tin U
    1948

    June 23rd, 1973

    • My Wedding Reception
    • My parents and my mother-in-law are now GBNF
    • My father-in-law passed away in 1965
    June 73

    SPZP-2000

    • First RIT Alumni and Saya Pu Zaw Pwe was held in SF Bay Area in October 2000
    • Organizer of SPZP
    • Content Provider & Editor, ex-RIT website
    • Founder & Chief Editor of RIT Alumni Newsletter
    • Received Alumni Appreciation Award along with KMZ (webmaster)
    SPZP-2000 Organizers
    Newsletter

    August 20, 2015

    • Maurice Chee (M75) organized a Birthday Soon Kyway for me at Dhammananda Vihara, Half Moon Bay
    • Received Alumni Appreciation Award for the second time
    Aug 2015
    HMB Soon Kyway 1
    Award

    RIT Golden Jubilee

    • RIT was opened as an autonomous Institute in November 1964
    • RIT Golden Jubilee was celebrated in 2014
    RIT GJ Magazine

    69ers in 2014

    • 69ers were admitted to 2nd BE in November 1964
    • Celebrated Pseudo-GJ (GJ of Admission to RIT) in 2014
    GJ a
    GJ b
    GJ c
    GJ d
    69ers
    Logo

    iNapa Winery Gathering in 2015

    • Guest of Honor : Dr. Aung Gyi
    • Guests from Myanmar : U Win Kyaw (Met71), U Nyunt Htay (Met73)
    • Lunch, Dinner & Live Music
    iNapa 1
    iNapa 2
    iNapa 3
    iNapa 4

    Steeve Kay’s Gathering

    • 40th Anniversary of Steeve’s arrival in the USA
    Steeve 1
    Steeve 2

    Nehru’s Visit

    • Nehru, Nasser & Nu were leaders of the Non-aligned Movement

    With U Nu

    N 1

    With Indira

    Nehru and Indira

    G-Hall Thu Gathering

    • Organizers : Nan Khin Nwe & team
    • Compiled Kabyars & Articles
    G-Hall 1
    G-Hall 2

    March 2nd, 1962

    • Coup d’etat by 17-man Revolutionary Council
    • Detained U Nu & Cabinet
    • Casualty — Son of Sao Shwe Thaik

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