HlaMin

Category: Buddhism

Sayadaws, Suttas, Terms

  • Buddhist Councils

    Buddhist Councils

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    According to the Theravada Buddhist tradition, there are six Buddhist Councils. The last two were held in Burma.

    Mandalay

    Ripley’s “Believe it or not” named U Khanti Kyauksar (inscriptions) of the Fifth Buddhist Council (Synod) held in Mandalay as the “Largest Book” in the world.

    The Council was held to celebrate the 2400th Year in Sasana Era.

    King Mindon was the Sponsor.

    Kaba Aye

    U Nu & Sir U Thwin were prime movers for the Sixth Buddhist Council, which was held to celebrate the 2500th Year in Sasana Era.

    Mahasi Sayadaw မဟာစည်ဆရာတော် acted as the Questioner.

    Mingun Sayadaw မင်းကွန်းတရာတော် acted as the Reciter & Responder.

    Mahasi & Mingun Sayadaws

    The Guinness Book of World Records listed Tipialkadara Sayadaw Ashin Vicittathara as having an outstanding memory — the best at that time [in 1954]. Sayadaw served as the Chief Reciter (a la Ashin Upali and Ashin Ananda at the First Buddhist Council) at the Sixth Buddhist Council held at KabaAye (World Peace) Pagoda in Rangoon, Burma from 1954 – 1956.

    Sayadaw could memorize, recall, and give exposition on 8027 pages of the Buddhist Scriptures known as Tipitaka [“Three Baskets”] :

    • Vinaya – Rules of monastic conduct
    • Sutta – Buddha’s discourses
    • Abhidhamma – Ultimate reality)

    He took the 2nd – 5th Tipitakadara examinations and passed with distinction in both oral and written parts. Sayadaw served as an examiner for the first Tipikadara examination. Sir U Thwin requested him to take the examination. The rest is history.

  • Anattalekhana Sutta

    Anattalekhana Sutta

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Atta and Anatta

    Some early religions talked about reincarnation (transmigration of atta, atman, soul). In contrast, Buddhism discusses rebirth and no-soul (anatta).

    Sutta

    The Buddha delivered “Anattalakkhana Sutta” as a follow-up sermon to the “Taya Oo” to his five disciples led by Ashin Kondanna. The Sutta’s title literally means “No-self characteristic discourse”.

    Buddha taught that “each of the five khandas (aggregates) are subject to impermanence (anicca), and suffering, unsatisfactoriness, or misery (dukkha) and thus unfit for identification with a self”.

    The five disciples became enlightened after listening to the Sutta. They became members of the (Paramatta) Sangha, the third of the Triple Gems.

    Books

    Book

    There are many books on the Sutta including the one by Mahasi Sayadaw explaining the relevance of the Sutta to Vipassana meditation.

    There is also an English translation of the Sutta by Saya U Pe Maung Tin.

  • U Lokanatha

    U Lokanatha

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    ဦးလောကနာထ Venerable U Lokanatha

    ** အီတာလျံ-အမေရိကန် ဘုန်းတော်ကြီး Italian-American monk

    * (ယခင်)

    USA မှာ Chemist

    ခရစ်စမတ် အတွက် supervisor ထံ မှ စာအုပ်တအုပ် လက်ဆောင် ရ Received a book as Christmas present from his supervisor

    ဓမ္မပဒ Chapter ဖတ်ပြီး နောက် ရဟန်းဝတ် ဘို့ ဆုံးဖြတ် After reading the chapter on Dhammapada, he decided to become a monk

    * မြန်မာပြည်၊ အိန္ဒိယ နဲ့ သီဟိုဠ် မှာ သာသနာပြု He did Sasana work in Burma, India and Ceylon

    * မေမြို့ မှာ ပျံလွန် He passed away in Maymyo

  • Mahasi Sayadaw U Sobhana

    Mahasi Sayadaw U Sobhana

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Mahasi Sayadaw မဟာစည်ဆရာတော်

    • U Sobhana ဦးသောဘန
    • Renowned Meditation Master and author
    • Questioner at the Sixth Buddhist Council ဆဌသံဂါယနာ held at Kaba Aye, Rangoon, Burma
    Mahasi (2nd from Right) & Mingun (Right)
    Mahasi & Mingun Sayadaws
    • Chief Resident Monk of Mahasi Sasana Yeiktha မဟာစည်သာသနာ့ရိပ်သာ
    • Mentees : Sayadaws U Pandita, U Kundala, U Janabhivamsa and many meditation teachers

    Practical Vipassana Meditation Exercises

    • by The Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw
    • Talk given to his disciples on their induction into Vipassana Mediation at Sasana Yeikhta Meditation Center, Yangon, Myanmar
    • Translated from the Myanmar language by U Nyi Nyi
    • Original Publisher : The Buddhasasanuggaha Association, Yangon, Myanmar
    • Dhamma dana distribution : Tathagata Meditation Center, San Jose, California
    • 22 pages
    • Vipassana (Insight Meditation)
    • understand correctly the nature of the psycho-physical phenomena taking place in the body
    • rupa : material qualities
    • nama : acts of consciousness or awareness
    • breathing : vayodhatu (the element of motion)
    • …
    • yogi should behave as if he were a weak invalid
    • noting (at all times)
    • physical object of attention and the mental act of noting occur as a pair
    • relaize all phenomena are anicca, dukkha, and anatta
    • experience nana (knowledge) : path, fruit, liberation
    • INITIAL DOUBT

    Dhammacakkappavatttana Sutta

    • The Great Discourse on the Wheel of Dhamma
    • Teacher : The Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw
    • Translator : U Ko Lay
    • Sukhi Hotu Dhamma Publication 1998
    • PART I
    • Preface to the Discourse
    • The Date of the Discourse
    • Three Kids of Introduction
    • …
    • PART II
    • Sensuous gratification is base and vulgar
    • Dittadhamma Nibbana Vada
    • A low, common practice
    • …
    • PART III
    • Elaboration of the Eightfold Path
    • …
    • PART IV
    • Truth of Suffering (Dukks Sacca)
    • …
    • PART V
    • Samudaya Sacca
    • …
    • PART VI
    • Nirodha Sacca
    • …
    • PART VII
    • Sacca Nana with regard to Dukka Sacca
    • Kicca Nana with regard to Dukka Sacca
    • Kata Nana with regard to Dukka Sacca
    • …
    • PART VIII
    • When the Buddha did not admit Enlightenment
    • Acknowledgement of Buddhahood
    • Concluding statement
    • …

    Fundamentals of Vipassana Meditation

    Book by Mahasi Sayadaw

    Primary Author : Mahasi Sayadaw
    Translator : Maung Tha Noe
    Editor: Sayadaw U Silananda
    Original Publisher : Dhammachakka Meditation Center, 1991
    Republished with other sources : Tathagata Meditation Center

    Other sources included the book
    “Instructions to Meditation Practice” by Mahasi Sayadaw
    “Benefits of Walking Meditation” by Sayadaw U Silananda
    “Guidance for Yogis at Interview” by Sayadaw U Pandita
    “An Interview with Mahasi Sayadaw” by Thamanaykyaw, translated by U Hla Myint

  • Process of Consciousness and Matter

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Subtitle : The Philosophical Psychology of Buddhism

    By Sayadaw Rewata Dhamma

    Completed : 2004

    Last book by Sayadaw

    Publisher: Triple Gems Publication

    The book is intended for all serious students of the Abhidhamma.

    It serves as supplement to Bhikkhu Bodhi’s book “A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma”, and treats various important aspect in more detail – in articular the process of consciousness and matter.

    Preface by Sayadaw U Silanandabhivama, Rector of the International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University, Yangon

    Acknowledgement by Sayadaw Dr. Ottaranyana, Birmingham Buddhist Vihara, UK

    Introduction

    Chapter I : CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS FACTORS

    CHAPTER II : PROCESS CONSIOUSNESS (CITTA VITHI)

    CHAPTER III : MIND-DOOR COGNITIVE PROCESS (MANODVARA VITHI)

    CHAPTER IV : ABSORPTION JAVANA IN THE MIND-DOOR PROCESS (APPANA JAVANAVARA MANODVARA VITHI)

    CHAPTER V : PROCESS OF MATTER

  • U Jotalankara

    U Jotalankara

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Highlights

    U Jotalankara
    • Received higher ordination as a monk at the Neikbeinda Monastery in Pyay / Prome.
    • Completed one part of the Tipitaka Examination.
    • Dhamma Duta missions in Japan, US, Jamaica, Canada, Taiwan …
    • Joined U Silananda at the Dhammanada Vihara (then in Daly City, California).
    • In 2007, he succeeded U Silananda as Chief Resident Monk of Dhammananda Vihara, Half Moon Bay, California.

    Publications

    He has published books in

    • Myanmar
      e.g. Book for Chanting/Recitation
    • English
      e.g. The Basic Teachings of Theravada of Buddhism (edited by Hla Min and Don Johnson)
    • Japanese
      e.g. Translation of selected works of U Silananda

    Book for Dhamma Chanting

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    Chanting

    The Basic Teachings Of Theravada Buddhism

    • Author: U Jotalankara (Dhammananda Vihara, Half Moon Bay, California, USA)
    • Editors: Hla Min and Don Johnson
    • First edition : June 2004
    • Foreword by Ven. Sayadaw U Silanandabhivamsa
    • Fifteen chapters
    • 1. Program of worshiping
    • 2. Explanation of words
    • 3. Benefits and stories of taking refuges and precepts, and offering food, flowers, etc.
    • 4. The discipline or duties of laypersons (Gihi-vinaya)
    • 5. What is the teaching of the Buddhas?
    • 6. Cultivating Good
    • 7. Purifying One’s Mind
    • 8. The For Divine Abodes (Brahama-viharas)
    • 9. Vipassa-bhavana, Insight or Mindfulness Meditation
    • 10. The Four Noble Truths & Four Noble Persons
    • 11. The Teaching to the Kalamas
    • 12. The Pali Alphabet in Roman Characters
    • 13. Program of Chanting (Paritta — Eleven Protective Suttas — and other Suttas)
    • 14. First two sermons of the Buddha & the Program of Chanting to Consecrate a Buddha Image & Ovada-patimokha
    • 15. Program of Novice Ordination
    • This book has been used in the Summer Dhamma Camps at Dhammananda Vihara
    • He has written Dhamma books in Myanmar, English, and Japanese. Some books were compiled from his articles in the Dhammananda Newsletter published by the Theravada Buddhist Society of America (TBSA).
    Book 2

    Theravada Buddhist Novice Ordination and Monk Ordination

    • Author : U Jotalankara
    • Editor : James Rives, Ph.D.
    • First Edition : August, 2008

    Two kinds of ordination

    • Pabbajja : to become a novice (samanera)
    • Upasambada : to become a monk (bhikkhu)

    Novice Ordination

    Three steps of novice ordination

    1. shaving off the hair of the head
    2. putting on robes
    3. giving the Three Refuges

    The procedures for the second and third steps of novice ordination

    1. Paying homage to the Three Gems
    2. Handing robes to the teacher
    3. Asking for the robes from the teacher and putting them on
    4. Requesting a novice ordination
    5. Requesting the Ten Novice-precepts with the Three Refuges
    6. Paying homage to the Buddha
    7. Taking the Three Refuges
    8. Taking the Ten Precepts of a Novice
    9. Choosing a teacher to be the candidate’s preceptor
    10. Reply of the preceptor
    11. Reflecting on the use of the Four Requisites
    12. Reflecting on the repulsiveness of the body

    Ten conditions for expulsion from Novice-hood

    Ten punishments

    Monk Ordination

    Five fulfilling conditions for becoming a monk

    1. Perfections of a person
      Eleven categories of disqualified persons
    2. Perfection of an assembly
    3. Perfection of the Sima (“Thane”)
      Two kinds of Sima
    4. Perfection of the Motion
    5. Perfection of the Kammavaca

    The procedure of monk ordination

    • 1. Choosing the candidate’s preceptor
    • 2. Stating the ownership of alms-bowl and robes
    • 3. Giving temporary names
    • 4. Ordering the candidate to go and stand outsie the Sangha
    • …
    • 10. Reciting the Natti and Kammacvaca
    • …
    • 15. The new monk’s special request

    The procedure of monk ordination for two candidates

    …

    The 227 Training Rules

    …

  • Dhajagga Sutta

    Dhajagga Sutta

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Paritta

    Dhajagga ဓဇဂ္ဂ

    Dhajagga stands for Banner / “Ta Gun”

    Dhajagga Sutta ဓဇဂ်သုတ်

    • 7th Sutta in Paritta Pali (Protective Verses)
    • Exhortation from Cakka (“Thakyar Min” သိကြားမင်း) to his soldiers preparing for the battle with the Asuras အသူရာ
      “If you have fear or trepidation, try to catch the sight of my banner (if that’s possible) or that of the other Deva-Kings: Pajapati, Varuna, and Isana. For when you have caught sight of the banners, whatever fear, or trepidation there is will disappear.”
    • Buddha ဗုဒ္ဓ said,
      “Because of the Lobha လောဘ Dosa ဒေါသ and Moha မောဟ in the Deva-Kings, fear or trepidation may not disappear. So, monks, if you feel fear and trepidation in the wilderness, … or an empty building, you should recollect the following: Nine qualities of the Buddha, Six qualities of the Dhamma, Nine qualities of the Sangha

    Pali (in Burmese Script)

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    Script 1
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    Script 2
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    Script 3
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    Script 4
  • Dr. Nandamalabhivamsa

    Dr. Nandamalabhivamsa

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    Dr. Nandamalabhivansa
    • Succeeded U Silanandavhivamsa as Rector of ITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University).
    • Gave courses and sermons.
      Many are available as MP3.
    • Taught Abhidhamma in Myanmar and beyond.
    • Fundamental Abhidhamma Part I was first taught in 1997 at Maryland, USA. The book was edited by Dr. Khin Maung U (First in Burma in the Matric exam of 1963). The second edition was published by the Center of Buddhist Studies (CBS), Sagaing Hills in 2005.
    • Fundamental Abhidhamma Part II was published by the Center of Buddhist Studies (CBS), Sagaing Hills in 2007.

    Fundamental Abhidhamma Part I

    • By Dr. Nandamalabhivamsa
    • First edition : June 1997
    • Editor : Dr. Khin Maung U
    • Myanmar-Buddhist Meditation Society, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Second, extended edition : January 2005
    • revised : November 2005
    • Center for Buddhist Studies (CBS), Sagaing Hills, Sagaing, Myanmar

    Contents

    The History of Abhidhamma

    (1) Why is it called Abhidhamma?
    (2) Who is the author?
    …
    (8) The role of Abhidhammattha sangaha
    (9) The role of Vibhavani
    (10) Ledi Sayadaw
    (11) Paramatthadipani, the critic of Vibhavani

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    Part One

    The Fundamental of Abhidhamma

    Chapter 1 : Citta
    Chapter 2 : Cetasika
    Chapter 3 : Rup (Matter)
    Chapter 4 : Pikinnaka (Miscellaneous)
    Chapter 5 : Vithi : Mental Process

    Fundamental Abhidhamma Part II

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    Part Two
    • By Dr. Nandamalabhivamsa
    • Version Dec 2007
    • Center for Buddhist Studies (CBS)
    • Mahadubodhayon Monastery, Sagaing Hills, Sagaing, Myanmar

    Contents

    • Chapter 5 : Vithi
      Mental Process
    • Chapter 6 : Vithimutta
      Passive Mental Process
    • Chapter 7 : Paccayasangaha
      Compendium of Causality
    • Chapter 8 : Kammatthana Sangaha
      Meditation Subject

    Pathan Myat Dethana

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    • “Pathan Myat Dethana” by Dr. Nandamalabhivamsa (Rector of ITBMU).
    • U Ye Sint gave me the book as Dhamma Dana.
  • Mon Sayadaw

    Mon Sayadaw

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    U Thilawunta (1912 – 2011)

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    Mon Sayadaw
    • Known fondly as “Mon Sayadaw မွန်ဆရာတော်”
    • Dat Paung Zon Sayadaw ဓာတ်ပေါင်းစုံ ဆရာတော် from 1949

    DPZ Pagoda

    • In 1948, my father, his siblings and dhamma friends (e.g U Kyaw Myint) built the Dat Paung Zon Pagoda and Monastery.
    My parents
    • My elder brother was ordained as a novice. He volunteered as a Construction Helper.

    DPZ Sayadaw

    • He served as the Chief Abbot of the Dat Paung p Aung Min Gaung monastery on Windermere Road, Rangoon, Burma from 1949.

    Trip to USA

    Pagoda in Allegheny
    • At the invitation of U Thant, Sayadaw traveled to the US (via the ocean liner – predating the days of air travel) and built a pagoda on the Allegheny Mountains.

    Ananda Bodhi

    • In 1958, Leslie Dawson, Canadian of Irish and Scottish descent, asked Mon Sayadaw to be his mentor.
    • Dawson traveled to Bodh Gaya, India to rejoin the Sayadaw and received ordination as a samanera (novice monk).
    • He continued on to Burma where he was ordained as Anandabodhi bhikkhu at the Shwedagon temple, Rangoon (21 Dec 1958).
    • Ananda Bodhi had followers in Canada and New Zealand, most of whom have visited Sayadaw and the Dat Paung Zon pagoda. Two of them also ordained as Buddhist monks with Mon Sayadaw as preceptor.
    • Ananda Bodhi became a Tibetan Master with the name Namgyal Rinpoche in 1971, but continued to preach dhamma from Theravada, …

    Pagodas around the world

    Mon Sayadaw built pagodas in the several countries including USA, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa.

    DPZ 1
    DPZ 2
    DPZ 3
    DPZ 4
    DPZ 5
    DPZ 6

    Suggested Reading

    Details of Sayadaw’s dhamma duta missions can be found in the official biography (in Burmese and English) and the web pages of his disciples (e.g Dr. Steven K H Aung).

  • Buddhist Councils

    Buddhist Councils

    by Hla Min

    Updated : June 2025

    U Silananda

    Tipitaka

    • It is a Pali term. It is commonly rendered as “Three Baskets” :
    • Vinaya (Monastic rules of conduct)
    • Sutta (Discourses)
    • Abhidhamma (Ultimate reality)

    Buddhist Councils

    • According to the Theravada tradition, there are six Buddhist Councils.
    • The First, Second and Third Councils were held in India.
    • The Fourth Council (which recorded the teachings on palm leaves) was held in Ceylon.
    • The Fifth Council was held in Mandalay, Burma. U Khanti inscribed the Tipitaka on marble slabs. It was featured as the World’s Largest Book in Ripley’s “Believe it or not”.
    • The Sixth Council was held in Rangoon, Burma. Tipitaka was reconfirmed and published as printed texts. Selected Pali texts were also translated into Burmese.

    First Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : 3 months and 5 days (Sasana Era)
    • Place : Rajagaha (India)
    • King : Ajasattha
    • Leader : Mahakassapa Thera
    • Number of Monks : 500
    • Duration : 7 months
    • Accomplishment :
      Collected, examined, classified, and recorded orally the Buddha’s Teachings
    • Ashin Maha Kassapa acted as the Chief Questioner.
    • Ashin Upali recited Vinaya.
    • Ashin Ananda recited Sutta and Abhidhamma.
    • 500 Arahants confirmed Buddha’s teachings.

    References :

    • Culavagga-Pali pp. 479 – 490
    • Dipavamsa 1.24; 5.4
    • Mahavamsa 3.26 – 41
    • Vinaya Atthakatha I 2 – 25
    • Digha-Attahakatha I 3-26

    Second Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : 100 (Sasana Era)
    • Place : Vesali (India)
    • King : Kalasoka
    • Leader : Yasa Thera (Vinaya Athakatths)
      Revata Thera (Mahavamsa)
    • Number of Monks : 700
    • Duration : 8 months
    • Accomplishment :
      Reaffirmed the Texts accepted at the 1st Council after a group of monks tried to relax the rules of discipline (oral)

    References :

    • Culavagga-Pali pp. 490 – 508
    • Dipavamsa 5.30
    • Mahavamsa 4.9 – 64
    • Vinaya Atthakatha I 25 – 29

    Third Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : 234 (Sasana Era)
      310 BC
    • Place : Pataliputta (India)
    • King : Asoka
    • Leader : Mogallaputta-Tissa Thera
    • Number of Monks : 1000
    • Duration : 9 months
    • Accomplishment :
      Reaffirmed the Texts accepted at the previous Councils. The Kattavatthu (5th book of Abdhidhamma) is added (oral)

    References :

    • Dipavamsa 7.34-43, 44-59
    • Mahavamsa 5.228-279
    • Vinaya Atthakatha I 29 – 78

    Fourth Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : 450 (Sasana Era)
      94 BC
    • Place : Alokavihara (Sri Lanka)
    • King : Vattagamani Abhaya
    • Number of Monks : 500
    • Accomplishment :
      Wrote the Buddha’s Teachings together with the Commentaries on palm leaves

    References :

    • Vajirabuddhitika 543
    • Mahavamsa 33.100-101

    Fifth Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : April 5, 1871 (*)
    • Place : Mandalay (Burma)
    • King : Mindon
    • Leader : Jagara Thera
    • Number of Monks : 2400
    • Duration : 5 months (recitation)
      Began on April 14, 1871
      Ended on September 9, 1871
    • Accomplishment :
      Reaffirmed the Texts accepted at the previous Councils and wrote them on 729 marble slabs.

    References :

    • Burmese Chronicles

    (*) 1853 – 59 Writing on palm leaves in gold-color ink, ink and stylus – over 200 volumes.

    Began writing on marble slabs on October 26, 1859. Ended writing on marble slabs on May 4, 1868. Took 7 years, 6 months and 19 days.

    Seven books of Abidhamma on 208 slabs.

    Slab size : 5 feet high, 3 feet across, 5 inches thick and about 90 lines long

    Ripley’s “Believe It or Not” named it the “Largest Book in the World”.

    Sixth Buddhist Council

    Source : U Silananda

    • Date : May 1954 – 56
    • Place : Rangoon (Burma)
    • Prime Minister : U Nu
    • Leader : Revata Thera
    • Number of Monks : 2500
    • Duration : Two years for the Pali Texts
    • Accomplishment :
      Reaffirmed the Texts accepted at the previous Councils.
      Editions of Pali Texts, Commentaries and Sub-commentaries.

    References :

    • Sangayana Album

    Editor’s Notes :

    • The Sixth Buddhist Council was held in Kaba Aye Pagaoda, Rangoon.
    • 2500 Sayadaws from Burma and neighboring Theravada Buddhist nations re-confirmed Buddha’s teachings.
    • Mahasi Sayadaw U Sobhana acted as the Chief Questioner.
    Mahasi & Mingun
    • Mingun Sayadaw Ashin Vicittacarabhimvamsa acted as the Chief Reciter.
    • Mingun Sayadaw’s memory feat was recognized in the Guinness Book of World Records (in the mid-50s).

    Tipitaka Examination

    Background

    • Burma wanted to host the Sixth Buddhist Council.
    • The Sayadaws visited neighboring Theravada countries to seek advice and to solicit participation in the Council to celebrate 2500 years of Sasana.
    • The Theravada Sayadaws expressed the need for a Tipitaka Sayadaw.

    Burma invited interested Sayadawa to sit for Oral and Written Examination over four years (or more)

    • Vinaya
    • Sutta
    • Abhidhamma (Part One)
    • Abhidhamma (Part Two)

    Mingun Tipitaka Sayadaw U Vicittacara

    Mingun Sayadaw
    • He served as an Examiner for the first Tipitaka examination.
    • One Sayadaw passed the Vinaya, but said that he would not take further examinations to concentrate on his Practice of the Dhamma.
    • Sir U Thwin requested Mingun Sayadaw to take the Tipitaka examination as preparation for the Sixth Buddhist Council.
    • Mingun Sayadaw passed with Distinction in all subjects, and was awarded “Tipitakadara Bandakarika”.