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  • Talk — My English Teachers

    Talk — My English Teachers

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Video Broadcast on January 8, 2021

    Hla Min

    Introduction

    SPHS Teachers
    • Private Boundary Road School
      Daw Ku Paw, Daw Kywe, Daw Yi Yi, Daw Khin Khin Aye
    • St. Paul’s High School
      Ms. A Benjamin, Mrs. V Boudville, Ms. Amelia Kyi (Miss Hong Kong), Brother Xavier, Brother Austin
    • I.Sc. (A)
      Daw Tinsa Maw-Naing, Daw Khin Khin Kyi
    • 2nd BE
      Mr. Des Rodgers (Primary), Sao Kan Gyi, U Khin, U Win Mra

    Saya Des

    IMG_0643

    Saya Des

    • Our main English Teacher in our 2nd BE Class in 1964 – 65.
    • Chief Editor of the RIT English Association Newsletter.
    • Core organizer of debates (in English) between 1st BE and 2nd BE students.
      e.g. “Money is the Root of All Evils”
              “Are we happier than our forefathers?”
    • Played on the RIT Saya soccer team.
    • Accomplished musician : guitarist and vocalist, a regular on the BBS Variety Show.
      Would often play with Saya U Win Mra (Burma’s Elvis Presley in his younger days).
    • Won Singles and Doubles tournaments in Scrabble.
      Held at Guardian, YMCA and RIT.
    • Did post-graduate studies in the UK.
    • Moved to Canada.
    • Taught “English as a Specialty Language” and other English courses.
    • Set up a consultancy firm
    • Published a book on English words that have been “selected” from contemporary news media and magazines. I helped catch some typos (which would go into an amendment).
    • Conducted on-line courses to students (mostly outside Canada).
    • Published two books.
    • The first book selected words from the contemporary publications (news media and magazines), provided definitions and usage.
      Synonyms and antonyms are given.
    • Sent his book by air mail.
      Sadly, I received only the envelope. So he sent a second time using registered/insured option. The mailing costs are prohibitive. Cost more than the sales price of the book.
    • E-mailed back typos in the book to Saya. They will be corrected in a future edition.

    Related Posts

    • Memories of PBRS
    • Memories of SPHS
    • Articles on RIT English
      by Saya Des
    • RIT English Sayas and Sayamas
      by Saya U Khin
    • Scrabble
    • RIT Saya Soccer Team
      by Saya U Soe Paing
  • Talk — Dec 1920

    Talk — Dec 1920

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Video Broadcast

    Rangoon University

    In December 1920, there were three significant events.

    • On December 1, 1920, Rangoon University was established with Rangoon College and Judson College as the constituent colleges. The colleges are also known by other names (e.g. Government College, Baptist College)
    • On December 5, 1920, the First RU Students’ Strike took place. They protested the 1920 Rangoon University Act as too narrow and restrictive.
    • On December 26, 1920, Saya U Ba Toke was born as a Phwa Bet Taw of the above two.

    Rangoon University (RU)

    • Initially had three Faculties and eight departments (including Law)
    • Initially had six professors
    • RU gradually extended its offerings (beyond Science and Arts)
    • The opening of engineering classes was planned around 1923 and executed in 1924.
    • In 1927, the first batch of engineering students (who had Bachelors degree) graduated with the “accelerated courses” option.
    • In 1928, the second batch of engineering students (who joined after finishing the I.Sc.) graduated.
    • RU was closed from 1942 to 45.
      RU Silver Jubilee was celebrated much later (and without high key).
    • RU celebrated the Golden Jubilee (GJ) in 1970. Dr. Aung Gyi (Professor of Civil Engineering) and U Thet Lwin (Burmese saya at the Institute of Economics) were some of the GJ organizers. The RIT Ah Nu Pyinnya Shins took part in the GJ Entertainment Program as “Swel Daw Yeik Troupe“.
      The term “Swel Daw Yeik” became synonymous with RIT [its predecessors and its successors]. Swel Daw Yeik Ah Nyeint (စွယ်တော်ရိပ်အငြိမ့် with Minthamees မင်းသမီး and Lu Shwin Daws လူရွှင်တော်), Htee Yein (ထီးယိမ်း RIT Belles with colorful Parasols) and Da Bin Daing Ah Ka (တပင်တိုင်အက) were hits at the GJ celebration.
      I was a volunteer member of the “Zay Nay Yar Cha Hta Yay” subcommittee headed by Saya U Hla Tun Aung (Geography). Those who applied for stalls and/or stage included Actor Maung Maung Tar (promoting his make up) and the then amateur band “Playboys” requesting a high stage (for security concerns).
    • RU celebrated the Diamond Jubilee in 1995.
    • RU celebrated the “Yar Pyie Ah Kyo” in December 2019. The opening song was “Mya Kyun Nyo” composed by Maung Ngwe Hlinne (Saya U Thet Lwin).
    • RU Centennial Celebrations were planned for November and December of 2020.
      Due to the pandemic, many events were held virtually.
      Kyemon and Myanar Ah Lin newspapers featured articles about RU. The TV stations featured interviews, songs …

    First RU Students’ Strike

    • Eleven “senior” students led the Boycott of the Rangoon University Act of 1920.
    • They were unhappy with the restrictions of the RU Act and decided to hold a boycott (strike) on December 7, 1920.
    • Due to a news leak, the protests were moved to December 5, 1920.
    • The strike resulted in the establishment of Amyotha Kyaung (National Schools) and Amyotha Kaw Leik (National College). The event is celebrated as Ah Myo Tha Aung Pwe Nay (National Day).
      The Burmese date (10th Waning day of Tazaungmon) is used for the Celebration.
    • Arzani U Razak was an early graduate of the National College. He served as Principal of a National School in Mandalay. He became Minister of Education in Bogyoke Aung San’s cabinet.
    • Prime Minister U Nu, United Nations Secretary General U Thant and Ahmyotha Pyinnya Wun / Educator / Writer U Po Kyar are notable sayas from the National Schools.
    • The boycott was responsible for the amendments to the RU Act. e.g. opening of schools for engineering and medicine,
    • A pillar was set up on Shwe Dagon Pagoda in memory of the Boycott.

    Sayagyi U Ba Toke (Dec 26, 1920 – Dec 2, 2020)

    • He is one of the oldest and senior sayas. Some senior sayas (e.g. Daw Hla May / Anne Sine) passed away in early 2020.
    • Received A.M (Master of Arts in Mathematics) from Harvard University.
    • Served as Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer and Professor of Mathematics at RU and RASU.
    • Promoted to Rector, MASU.
    • With his own volition, he transferred to RIT as Professor of (Engineering) Mathematics.
    • As a Saya of engineering sayas (e.g. Dr. Aung Gyi, U Min Wun and U Khin Aung Kyi), he was invited to attend SPZP-2000 and give a speech.
    • Saya attended all SPZPs except SPZP-2002 (which he had to forgo due to Sayagadaw’s health).
    • Played Chinlon and Soccer.
    • Co-chair of RU Sports Council
      Managed the Soccer program.
    • Headed the Burmese delegation to the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
    • Until his 80s, Saya was active
      (e.g. walk to Shwe Dagon Pagoda with his dhamma friends).
    • In his 90s, Saya had physical limitations, but his mental faculty was strong as ever.
    • Saya Dr. Khin Maung Swe (Tekkatho Maung Thin Char, GBNF) interviewed Saya.
      Sayama Daw Myint Myint Khaing (daughter of Arzani Mahn Ba Khaing) transcribed the tapes. The book covering Sayagyi’s Life Journey was published by the RU Thin Char Mi Thar Su for Sayagyi’s 80th birthday.
    • Sayagyi gave me an autographed copy.

    Two Sayagyis

    U Ba Toke & U Ba Than
    • Pu Zaw Pwe (PZP) — paying homage to mentors — is a noble tradition. They are also known as Saya Pu Zaw Pwe and Acariya Pu Zaw Pwe.
    • There have been micro-PZPs, mini-PZPs and grand PZPs.
    • Saya U Ba Than (born on October 2, 1930) usually visits and pay homage to his saya Sayagyi U Ba Toke at least once every year.

    Paying homage to Sayagyi U Ba Toke

    • During my visits to Yangon, I paid homage to Sayagyi U Ba Toke.
    • On one visit, Sayagyi gave me an autographed copy of “Life Journey of Mathematics Professor Sayagyi U Ba Toke”.
      The book was written by Saya Dr. Khin Maung Swe (Tekkatho Maung Thin Char, GBNF) based on his interviews with Sayagyi U Ba Toke. It also covers the early Thin Char Sayagyis. The book was published by Rangoon University Thin Char Mi Thar Su for Sayagyi’s 80th birthday.
    • In January 2017, Pansy Ba Toke (Thynn Thynn, ChE 74) asked her son-in-law and daughter to pick up Sayagyi U Ba Than, Saya U Tin Htut and me at Winner Inn to see her father Sayagyi U Ba Toke.
      Sayagyi had some problems with mobility and vision, but his mind remains crisp and clear.
    • Pansy was a member of the Swel Daw Yeik “Htee Yein” at the Rangoon University Golden Jubilee in 1970.She has offered transportation to the Sayas who want to visit her father.
    • Sayagyi sometimes defer celebrating his birthday so that his children, grandchildren and great grandchildren — far and near — could join the celebration.
    • Sayagyi is pre-deceased by
      his beloved spouse, his second son (Soe Win, 6th out of his 8 children) and his second daughter (Kitty, 3rd out of his 8 children)
    U Ba Toke & family
  • GBNF — Tin Hla တင်လှ

    GBNF — Tin Hla တင်လှ

    by Hla Min & Aung Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    EE69ers
    • Passed away on January 10, 2012
    • GBNF # 59

    Sad News

    • Ko Tin Hla (EP69) passed away on 10th January 2012 of cancer, which has spread over most of his organs, originally started on his lungs. He was suffering from cancer and was operated four months ago.
    • His funeral will be on the 12th January 2012 at Yae Wai (13.00 hr).
    • He is the No. 59 on GBNF (Gone But Not Forgotten) list.
    • Ko Shwe, Myint Maung. Win Maung, Aung Gyi Shwe, Myint Thein Kabar, and I went and met his family yesterday.
    • May I remind you to take care of your health.

    With Metta and best regards.
    Aung Min (M 69)

    From Ivan Lee (M69)

    It is sad news. I was very close with him at the RIT second and third years. I named him Tommy, resident from Myoung-Mya. I met him at the Bassein college first year. He had a younger brother. When his father passed away in Rangoon, I remembered he and I seated together at the front, next to the driver of the funeral car at Rangoon Chinatown. At my RIT 69er welcome party in Yangon in Nov. 2006, that was the last time I saw him.

    I am sending my deepest condolence to his family, and wish him be merry whatever he is going to be.

    Again, it is an universal rule, we can keep going to lose one after another, will never ever to add any single one more into our network, regardless what, we must regard [and help] one another. And take care of our health, not others assistance, but ourselves desirability.

    God bless all of our beloved classmates , alumni, respectful Sayas.

    Best regards
    Ivan Lee
    USA

    From U Aung Kyaw Pe (EP69)

    Dear all,

    Very sad to hear the demise of him.

    Aung K P

    From U Sein Myint (EP69)

    Dear All,

    Very sad to hear from Aung Min regarding Ko Tin Hla from Myoung-Mya.
    He is very near to Myint Mg (Bu Gyi).
    We were very near when doing this and that.
    Kristian Lal also together with him.

    Sein Myint (K K Wong)

    From U Thein Swe (EP69)

    Dear Ko A Min and all,

    Well done! Thanks for your annual and, occasional reports [about the ’69er Health Care Fund]. Once a friend is forever the friend. The older we become the more we should recognize our classmates no matter whether alive or deceased, in high or low profile. Please extend my words of thanks to Ko Shwe, Moe Hein, Myo Nyunt, Myint Sein, Kyaw Zin, Myint Thein, etc for their activities regardless of old age.

    There are some outstanding classmates of the year 2011 viz: Ivan Lee @ Khin Maung Oo (USA, Kyaukme, M), unnamed classmate from USA,. Nyunt Nyunt Wai (Tx, Germany).

    With metta
    Th Swe

    From U Sein Tin (M69)

    Dear Ko Aung Min and the rest,

    Thank you for your annual report of Health Care Fund and activities. You are right. We are at the sun set time. We need both physical and mental support to each other.

    You have done well. I support you.

    With regards,
    Sein Tin [Omega]

    Updates

    • The GBNF list currently has 146 members.
    • Note that several people in the post — Aung Gyi Shwe, “Kabar” Myint Thein and Thein Swe — are now GBNF.
    • Ma Tin Tin (Anne, EC69) donated $300 to the 69er Health Care Fund. Per her request, she was listed as a “classmate in the US”. She is the lone female EE graduate in 1969. She migrated to the US. She earlier told the 69ers of her volunteer work for immigrants and/or seniors. She attended the Golden Jubilee Celebration in 2019 and donated $1000.
    EE Group in 2009
  • Awareness and CERT

    Awareness and CERT

    by Khin Maung Zaw

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    KMZ (Middle)

    U Khin Maung Zaw (EC76) commented on my post on “Disaster“.

    No matter if there is a somewhat connection with the ‘climate change‘ concept, the natural disasters, storms/earthquakes/tsunamis are getting as often and more powerful in the past several years. These has caused severe damaged to many lives, killed, injured, livelihood wiped out among others.

    In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which covers these emergencies have discovered that they alone albeit budget crunch could not handle each and every aspect of the damages, They are now encouraging, and working with local authorities, city/county/state on many aspects of the disaster preparedness and recovery process and procedures.

    First, there is a FEMA App on all mobile platforms, where one can go through subscribing Alerts, Anticipate/Prepare for any disasters, Disaster Resources et al. In US, various regions have differing disaster, for example Washington State where I live, we have to be prepared for major earthquakes but not for Hurricanes etc. The local authorities have classes, training sessions, drills on where/how/what/who, the usual five ‘W’s on many possible disasters. My city, Kirkland has multiple levels of CERT, Community Emergency Response Team, classes, trainings, intensive training/classes for leadership levels, regular sync ups/meetings etc.

    They are also aware that not all local/state/federal could communicate well in the cases of disasters due to proliferation of different communication equipment and trying to alleviate the issue.

    One very interesting discovery they learned from the mega-disasters past couple of years is that the previous assumptions that they had for the preparedness were no longer adequate. The old assumption was that you need to have at least three day supply of food/water/first-aid – basic essentials. In the recent mega-disasters, they discovered that there are many instances no rescuers could get to you for more than a week or so, the new thinking/suggestion is that you need to have at least 2 weeks stock of live essentials. food/water/waste management/radios/batteries etc. There is also a movement where rather than you do it for yourself and/or your family, your neighborhood would pool resources in a commonly accessible area, like one’s spare space in a garage, you could store beds/cots/water tanks/medical supplies for multiple family etc. We live in a place where rain is given so tents/ponchos are a must. Dehydrated food, which could last 25+ years or so could be stored there.The city have all these info, with maps, co-ordinate with all authorities in the case a disaster,

    I could go on and on as I went through the very basic level of CERT, and am thinking of week long class/training.

    There is a consensus assessment that rescuers could not reached to many victims in major disaster where roads, telecommunication might be devastated. Seattle, Kirkland, Bellevue, Redmond and many other cities in and around Puget Sound, Western Washington where life is way overdue for major earthquake.

  • Bala / Strength ဗလ

    Bala / Strength ဗလ

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Handover of Salwe

    Bala ဗလ stands for Strength or Prowess.

    Bala Nga Tan ဗလငါးတန် (Five kinds of strength)

    • Kaya Bala (ကာယဗလ Physical Strength).
      In our younger days, there were Kaya Bala Ah Thin အသင်း (Clubs) for developing Physical Strength. Some instructors have their names prefixed with “Kaya Bala”.
    • Nyana Bala (ဥာဏဗလ Mental Strength).
    • Bawga Bala (ဘောဂဗလ Economic Prowess). There used to be an Oil Mill (Vendor) named “Bawga Bala”.
    • Meikta Bala (မိတ္တဗလ Skill for making friends). U Nu’s translation of “How to win friends and influence people” was named “Meikta Bala Tika”. It’s earlier title was “Lu Paw Lu Zaw Loke Nee” (which did not seem diplomatic).
    • Caritta Bala (စာရိတ္တဗလ Moral Courage)
  • Months — August

    Months — August

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Background

    • 6th month of the old Roman calendar had 30 days. It was renamed August in honor of Emperor Augustus Caesar and was given an extra day.
    • August is the 8th month of the Gregorian Calendar. It has 31 days.

    Special Days

    August 8

    • 8-8-88
      Start of a long struggle to restore Democracy in Myanmar
    • 8-8-08
      Beijing Olympics

    August 13

    • Sayadaw U Silananda (Rector, IMBTU) passed away on August 13, 2005
    • My father-in-law passed away five decades ago.

    GBNF in August

    • My spouse lost four of her family members in August.
    • Her father passed away in his mid-50s.
    • Her mother passed away in her late-80s.
    • Her elder brother passed away in his early 50s.
    • Her nephew passed away in his mid-30s.

    Sayadaw U Silananda

    U Silandabhivamsa
    U Silananda
    • Rector, IMBTU
      Chief Resident Sayadaw of Dhammananda Vihara, Half Moon Bay, California
    • Sayadaw passed away in his late-70s on August 13, 2005
    • I was Master of Ceremonies at Sayadaw’s Memorial Service.
    • I was Committee Member and Contributing Editor for “Paying Homage to Sayadaw U Silananda” Book.
    • Accompanied Saya U Myat Htoo (C68, President, TBSA) carrying the box of Sayadaw’s ashes to be scattered from a yacht into the waters near Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
    TBSA

    Birthdays in August

    • Several birthdays in my extended family.
    • Eldest sister
    • Younger sister
    • Grand daughter
    • Me
    • Several cousins

    Birthday Soon Kwyay in 2016

    • In August 2016, U Maurice Chee (M75) organized a birthday soon kwyay for me at the Dhammananda Vihara in Half Moon Bay, California.
    • The sayas and alumni presented me an Appreciation award.

    Friends

    • Daw Mu Mu Khin (spouse of Saya Allen Htay)
    • U Myint Swe (EP74, NorCal RITAA)
    • U Thein Naing (Patrick, La Phet Yay Waing member)
    • They are August-born and also hosted Birthday Parties.

    Lunch Gathering in 2018

    • In August 2018, U Patrick (Thein Naing) and Daw Mie Mie hosted a lunch gathering for the August born at Moss Beach Distillery.
    • They gave me a best-seller book “The Greater Journey (Americans in Paris)” as birthday present.
    • Daw Mie Mie translated several short stories of Ah Myothar Pyinnya Wun U Po Kyar. She plans to publish them as a book.
    This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is book-3.jpg

    Is 8 lucky or unlucky?

    • 8-8-88 (August 8, 1988) and the following days mark the hope and then despair of the people longing for the end of the Adhamma Era.
    • Grapevine says that the event was inspired in part by numerologists who remembered the historic event (about Mingyi Yan Naung) in 888 Burmese Era. They extrapolated the magic of No. 8 from three 8’s to four 8’s.
    • Most Chinese think that the number 8 is lucky.
    • For example, Beijing Olympics was opened on 8-8-08 (August 8, 2008).
    At the beach following the August born Pary
  • Log

    Log

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    RUBC

    • Rangoon University Boat Club (RUBC) used to maintain logs.
    • Every crew lists the boat used, time in & out, the name of the members, and message (e.g. leak).
    • The Color Award Team meets after the Monsoon Regatta and Annual Regatta to consider candidates for Half Green and Full Green based on the results at the Regatta and the entries in the Log.
    • Winners and Runner Up of events such as Senior Novice and Junior Novice are prime candidates, but persistent members are also rewarded.

    Maths

    • In Mathematics, log stands for logarithm.
    • In our high school days, we had to buy books containing logarithms, anti-logarithms, and trigonometric functions.
      The standard version provides 4 digits. The advanced version provides 5 – 7 digits.
    • For the Matriculation exam, logarithm books were provided.
    • In Lighter vein :
      At one school, the invigilator ordered to take the logarithm books back. Asked why, she replied, “We had to learn them by heart”.

    Slide Rule

    • It used the logarithmic scale.
    • The multiplication of two numbers is done by adding their logarithms.
    Cartoon Aung Myint
    • Cartoon Aung Myint has a joke about Slide Rule.

    RIT student : Aba, I have bought a slide rule.
    Aba : Son, can you add two numbers with it?
    Son : Sorry, I can’t.
    Aba: Throw away your useless ruler.

    Usage

    • Some use wooden logs for fire.
    • Some fire places simulate wooden logs using electricity & electronics.
  • Discovery

    Discovery

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Serendipity

    Some inventions are attributed to Serendipity. Three notable examples are

    • Discovery of X-rays
      X stands for “Unknown”. German scientist Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-radiation (unknown type of radiation) on November 8, 1895. Other names include X-ray, Xray and Röntgen radiation.
    • Discovery of Penicillin
      Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin in 1928.
    • 3M’s Post-it notes
      Dr. Spencer Silver, a scientist at 3M, accidentally discovered a weak glue in 1968. Arthur Fry obtained permission from 3M to develop “sticky notes” in 1974.

    Kekule’s Dream

    • Friedrich August Kekulé, a German chemist, was searching for the structure of Benzene, which has six Carbon atoms and six Hydrogen atoms.
    • In 1865, he had a day-dream where a snake’s head tried to bite its tail. Was an “Aha” moment for him. Figured out the ring shape of the Benzene molecule.
    • Some use this example as the power of the subconscious mind in solving problems.

    Saya Dr. Soe Win wrote :

    The structure of benzene is indeed a significant discovery in the history of science.

    Dr. Soe Win
  • Madan Chand

    Madan Chand

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Burma

    • Matriculated from Myitkyina
    • Joined 1st BE in November 1964. He was wrongly posted to G-Hall (residence for female students).
    • Stood Second in the Class of C70 and joined the RIT Civil Engineering Department along with U Aung and U Aye Win Kyaw (GBNF).
    Madan Chand, U Aye Win Kyaw & U Aung
    • Also worked for PPFC.

    USA

    • Worked for the Illinois Dept. of Transportation.
    • Often visited the Chan Myei Meditation Center in Springfield, Illinois.
    • Visited Southern California to see sayas, former colleagues, friends and relatives.

    Family

    • Spouse : Sheila
    Madan Chand & Sheila
    • Vijay B. Chand posted news of his father’s demise on the morning of December 9, 2022, and about his Last Journey on December 12, 2022.
  • Mental States

    Mental States

    by Hla Min

    Updated : 6th October 2026

    Cetasika စေတသိက်

    • Mental states
    • All types of cetasikas are able to arise only be depending on Citta (စိတ် consciousness)
    • There are 52 types = 13 + 14 + 25
    • Classified into three groups

    First Group : 13 types

    • Annasamana : Common to others : 13 types = 7 + 6

    • Universal annasamana : associates with all cittas : 7 types
    • Contact, Feeling, Perception, Motivation, One-pointedness, Faculty of mental life, Attention

    • Particular annasmana : associates with some cittas : 6 types
    • Initial application, Sustained application, Decision, Effort, Joy, Wish to do

    Second Group : 14 types

    • Akusla : Immoral mental state : 14 types
    • Ignorance, Shamelessness, Fearlessness, Restlessness, Attachment, Wrong view, Hatred (fear), Envy, Stinginess, Remorse, Sloth, Torpor, Doubt

    Third Group : 25 types

    • Sobhana : mental state with virtue : 25 types = 19 + 3 + 2 + 1
    • Mental states that are common to all types of sobhana citta : 19 types
    • Faith, Mindfulness, Moral shame, Moral dread, Non-attachment, Non-hatred, Equanimity, Tranquility of mental factors, Tranquility of mind, Lightness of mental factors, Lightness of mind, Pliancy of mental factors, Pliancy of mind, Adaptability of mental factors, Adaptability of mind, Proficiency of mental factors, Proficiency of mind, Rectitude of mental factors, Rectitude of mind
    • Mental state that abstains from evil speech, action, and livelihood : 3 types
    • Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood
    • Mental state that has limitless objects on which one must be practiced : 2 types
    • Compassion, Sympathetic joy
    • Mental state that realizes an object : 1 type
    • Faculty of wisdom

    Books by

    • Dr. Nandamalabivamsa
    • Dr. Mehm Tin Mon
    Abhidhamma